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ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL (2017-18) B.E.S.-121 CHILDHOOD AND GROWING UP FREE Solved Assignment

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Q1. Discuss four major issues in human development.

Ans. Issues are common problems, issues and/or crises that happen to normal people living normal lives. For example, managing one’s relationships so that they are healthy and functional, surviving disabilities, coping with grief, loss and self-esteem issues. A number of major issues have emerged in the study of human development. Following are the issues:

• Nature vs. Nurture: Is heredity or environment more important? Heredity determines who we are. If the alcoholic, gambler, or the problem child is born that way, then parents are not to blame and social programmes to rehabilitate them would be a waste of money. If people’s problems are due to their genes, money should be spent on developing chemical and genetic treatments and programmes designed to ensure selective breeding. Environment–not-genes–determines development. We should develop social programmes to help troubled people. We should change the environment.
• Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Continuities and discontinuities appear in all our lives because the term development implies change. Puberty, leaving home, marriage and career, all serve to shape psychological functioning. Continuities will occur, however, because our initial experiences, our early-learning, our temperaments remain with us. Some theorists see development as being discontinuous. Reasons cited are: there are periods in our lives that seem to be quite different from those preceding them; we negotiate transitions at appropriate times in our lives, such as leaving home, beginning a career, getting married, adjusting to the birth of children. Most believe that both continuity and discontinuity characterise development.
• Activity vs. Passivity: Activity and passivity are two issues related to individual’s development. ‘Activity’ assumes that in the development process the individual is active. S/he does not accept what is coming naturally. Rather s/he tries to choose his/her own pathway of development. On the other hand, ‘passivity’ in development suggests that individual accepts, as it is whatever to coming in the pathway of development. In other words, the psychologists interpreting development as a product of passivity of individuals consider that individual accepts the change coming naturally.

Q2. Explain with examples the core skills needed to develop self-understanding and self-management of adolescents.

Ans. Self-knowledge is basic to growth and development. It is awareness about positive and negative aspects that motivate to make positive qualities and eliminate weaknesses. It is awareness and intense motivation that enable to spend time and energy to accomplish tasks. If develop life skills like self-esteem, self-awareness, assertiveness, coping with stress and coping with emotions, they will provide us with the required insight into all aspects of life. Hence, these life skills should be dealt with at some length.

• Self-esteem: Self-esteem is made up of the thoughts, feelings, and opinions we have about ourselves. That means self-esteem isn’t fixed. It can change, depending on the way we think. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our relationships, our work – nearly every part of our lives. Positive self-esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes without the fear of rejection.
• Self-awareness: Self-awareness includes our recognition of ourselves, of our character, of our strengths and weaknesses, desires and dislikes. Developing self-awareness can help us to recognise when we are stressed or feel under pressure. It is also often a prerequisite for effective communication and interpersonal relations, as well as for developing empathy for others. As develop awareness about self-worth become more self-confident. As a result, with the passage of time, will be more decisive; make sound judgements using the emotional and cognitive information.
• Assertiveness: Assertiveness means standing up for our personal rights – expressing thoughts, feelings and beliefs in direct, honest and appropriate ways. Merely knowing what our rights are is not enough. We should also know how to put them across to others in ways that are polite and unambiguous. Only when we are in a position to convey to others what we want in crystal clear terms will our chances of getting in improve. Absence of assertiveness can literally ruin our personal growth and force us to lead life as per the whims and fancies of others. In fact, if we are not assertive, people might use us like doormats.

Q3. Discuss with illustrations how communication technologies allow for different forms of sociability.

Ans. Sociability is an essential part of human nature. We live and thrive in cooperative groups. Social interaction helps us form relationships and coalitions, evaluate status, discourage free-riders, and enforce local norms. Much of our conversation is social, either in topic (as when discussing other’s actions) or form (as in the status messages encoded in tone of voice and grammar). Yet the importance of sociability is often unrecognized. Information exchange is often assumed to the primary purpose of language and conversations in which no explicit knowledge is imparted are judged a waste of time. Yet in any conversation, no matter how seemingly pointless, the participants are exchanging social information, subtly encoded.

Communication technologies are not necessarily designed for sociability. They are often developed within the context of engineering and business, domains that prize efficiency and utility. Yet people, being highly social, quickly find social uses for any communication medium. The history of communication technologies illustrates both the commercial world’s under-estimation of the importance of social communication and people’s alacrity at adapting media for social purposes. The telephone was initially marketed as a business tool; it was several decades before its social use for residential customers was fully recognized as an essential component of the business. The early plans for networked computers did not envision their social potential, but the system’s early users developed email within two years of the initial connection. The web was initially conceived as an academic publishing tool, yet personal homepages with pictures, anecdotes, and links to one’s friends appeared almost as soon as an accessible web browser was available. Today, there is growing awareness of the importance of the social uses of media and much more effort is being made to create deliberately sociable media.

 

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