IGNOU ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL (2017-18) B.E.S.-121 CHILDHOOD AND GROWING UP
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IGNOU ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL (2017-18) B.E.S.-121 CHILDHOOD AND GROWING UP
Q1. Discuss four major issues in human development.
Ans. Issues are common problems, issues and/or crises that happen to normal people living normal lives. For example, managing one’s relationships so that they are healthy and functional, surviving disabilities, coping with grief, loss and self-esteem issues. A number of major issues have emerged in the study of human development. Following are the issues:
- Nature vs. Nurture: Is heredity or environment more important? Heredity determines who we are. If the alcoholic, gambler, or the problem child is born that way, then parents are not to blame and social programmes to rehabilitate them would be a waste of money. If people’s problems are due to their genes, money should be spent on developing chemical and genetic treatments and programmes designed to ensure selective breeding. Environment–not-genes–determines development. We should develop social programmes to help troubled people. We should change the environment.
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Continuities and discontinuities appear in all our lives because the term development implies change. Puberty, leaving home, marriage and career, all serve to shape psychological functioning. Continuities will occur, however, because our initial experiences, our early-learning, our temperaments remain with us.
Q2. Explain with examples the core skills needed to develop self-understanding and self-management of adolescents.
Ans. Self-knowledge is basic to growth and development. It is awareness about positive and negative aspects that motivate to make positive qualities and eliminate weaknesses. It is awareness and intense motivation that enable to spend time and energy to accomplish tasks. If develop life skills like self-esteem, self-awareness, assertiveness, coping with stress and coping with emotions, they will provide us with the required insight into all aspects of life. Hence, these life skills should be dealt with at some length.
- Self-esteem: Self-esteem is made up of the thoughts, feelings, and opinions we have about ourselves. That means self-esteem isn’t fixed. It can change, depending on the way we think. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our relationships, our work – nearly every part of our lives. Positive self-esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes without the fear of rejection.
- Self-awareness: Self-awareness includes our recognition of ourselves, of our character, of our strengths and weaknesses, desires and dislikes. Developing self-awareness can help us to recognise when we are stressed or feel under pressure. It is also often a prerequisite for effective communication and interpersonal relations, as well as for developing empathy for others. As develop awareness about self-worth become more self-confident.
Q3. Discuss with illustrations how communication technologies allow for different forms of sociability.
Ans. Sociability is an essential part of human nature. We live and thrive in cooperative groups. Social interaction helps us form relationships and coalitions, evaluate status, discourage free-riders, and enforce local norms. Much of our conversation is social, either in topic (as when discussing other’s actions) or form (as in the status messages encoded in tone of voice and grammar). Yet the importance of sociability is often unrecognized. Information exchange is often assumed to the primary purpose of language and conversations in which no explicit knowledge is imparted are judged a waste of time. Yet in any conversation, no matter how seemingly pointless, the participants are exchanging social information, subtly encoded.
Communication technologies are not necessarily designed for sociability. They are often developed within the context of engineering and business, domains that prize efficiency and utility. Yet people, being highly social, quickly find social uses for any communication medium. The history of communication technologies illustrates both the commercial world’s under-estimation of the importance of social communication and people’s alacrity at adapting media for social purposes. The telephone was initially marketed as a business tool; it was several decades before its social use for residential customers was fully recognized as an essential component of the business.
