IGNOU ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL (2017-18) C.T.E.-02 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
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IGNOU ASSIGNMENT REFERENCE MATERIAL (2017-18) C.T.E.-02 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
Q1. Write short notes on the following:
- Locutionary, illocutionary and prelocutionary acts
Ans. A locutionary act is to say something in a meaningful normal sense, i.e. to have phonology, grammar, sense (connotation) and reference (denotation).
An illocutionary act is what a person does in saying something else and needs an interactive exchange. It is the pragmatic ‘illocutionary force’ of the utterance, thus its intended significance as a socially valid verbal action.
- The role of paragraphing in discourse
Ans. The paragraph is a written speech unit consisting of several sentences expressing an idea and end with a full stop. The prayers that comprise it usually share the same topic, and one of them is expressing the main idea.
Types of Paragraph: These are classified according to their content, according to its logical structure and by location:
Argumentative paragraph: This is the paragraph that presents a thesis (it is a statement whose veracity has been argued and demonstrated or justified in any way) to try to prove or disprove (for or against).
iii. Cohesion and coherence
Ans. Cohesion: A sentence is built up on the relationship of its clauses. If the sentence contains more than one clause, each of the clauses, apart from having its own internal structure, needs to be connected to the other clauses. Similarly, clauses or sentences need to be connected to the preceding or succeeding clauses or sentences.
- Standard Indian English
Ans. The Standard Indian English (SIE) is neither British English nor American English. It is also not Bengali English or Tamil English or Punjabi English. It is, rather, a pan-Indian standard form in which most of the regional features have been neutralised, and which is used by educated Indians who constitute the most important and influential section of Indian society.
Q2 What do you mean by “Indianisation of English”? What are the factors which have led to the Indianisation of English?
Ans. A few centuries ago, just five to seven million people on one relatively small island spoke English and the language consisted of dialects spoken by monolinguals. Today there are more non-native than native users of English. It is more widely spoken and written than any other language, even Latin, has ever been. Thus, the factors which lead to the process of Indianisation are as follows:
- Structural Pressure of Indian Languages on English
English is learnt and used by non-native communities of speakers, their own often native language or first language (L1) of non-native speakers of English leave traces on the English (L2) that they acquire. In the Indian context too, this phenomenon of interference and transfer leaves its traces on the structure of English-, i.e. on the sounds, vocabulary and syntax of English.
- The Teaching-learning Situation
The teachers who teach English are Indians (Bengalis, Tamilians, Punjabis, Kashmiris, etc.) just as the students are. In addition, the other subject teachers are also Indians (Bengalis, Tamilians, Punjabis, Kashmiris, etc.). The students are thus exposed to models (teachers) who themselves use some form of Indian English.
Q3(a) Correct the following sentences:
- Although they are very busy, they will refuse to help you.
- The doctor referred the case to his friend, he who lives near my office.
iii. I’m understanding the lesson perfectly now.
- Is this the book whom you were looking for?
- Either John or Williams have stolen my book.
Ans. i. If they are very busy, they will refuse to help you.
- The doctor referred the case to his friend who lives near my office.
Q3(b) Complete the following sentences with appropriate subordinate clauses, and state what type of clause each is, i.e. noun, adjective/relative or adverb clause.
- I don’t know………………… .
- I don’t like stories…………….. .
iii. ………….., all the people stood up to greet him.
- Earth is the only planet………………. .
- I reached the station……………….. .
Ans. i. I don’t know why she is angry with me.
- I don’t like stories that have unhappy endings.
Q3(c) For each word given below, insert the correct prefix to express the kind of meaning indicated.
- bitter (to make bitter)
- blaze (on fire)
iii. firm (weak in health)
- associate (reversative)
- noon (time)
Ans. i. Embitter
- Ablaze
Q4(a) Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the adjective underlined:
- The weather wasn’t very good yesterday, but it is …………..today.
- The bag is heavy, but the suitcase is………………… .
iii. The child is getting from bad to ……………… .
- …………… disasters have happened in my life, don’t trouble me any more.
- The prices were high enough. With the inflation, they have shot up even……….. .
Ans. i. The weather wasn’t very good yesterday, but it is better today.
- The bag is heavy, but the suitcase is heavier.
Q4(b) Starting with the root given, go through the steps indicated, adding the appropriate affix at each step. Look at the example before attempting the question.
Example: agree > negative (disagree) > noun (disagreement)
- regular > negative > noun
- compromise > adjective > negative
iii. legal > negative > noun
- nation > adjective > noun
- month > adjective > number prefix
Ans. i. regular > irregular > irregularity
- compromise > compromissary > noncompromissary
Q4(c) Make two sentences with the following words, once as a compound, and the other as a phrase:
Black box, green house, white paper, white collar, strong hold
Ans. i. Black box
Compound: The black box has been found. It will now be possible to find out why the plane crashed.
- Green house
Phrase: A house which is painted green
iii. White paper
Phrase: The teacher insisted that the students should use white paper only.
- White collar
Compound: Modem graduates prefer white-collar jobs.
- Strong hold
Compound: She has a strong hold on him.
Q5(a) Insert appropriate prepositions in the blanks:
- Have you ever been ……….Japan?
- I’m just coming …………….London, after spending two expensive weeks there.
iii. I opened the door and went out……….the room.
- Mr. Anand’s house is ……..the post office and the church.
- Our flat is ……….the second floor of the building.
Ans. i. Have you ever been to Japan?
- I’m just coming from London, after spending two expensive weeks there.
Q5(b) Write a short note on ‘Conversion’.
Ans. In linguistics, conversion (also called zero derivation), is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form. Thus, the process by which a word belonging to one part of speech is used as belonging to another part of speech is known as conversion.
Q5(c) Form wh-questions from the statements given below, using the question words given in the brackets:
- Rohit is drinking hot chocolate. (what)
- The hotel was destroyed by the fire. (how)
iii. She met Renu at the station. (where)
- The little child let out the secret. (what)
- The librarian selected “Black Beauty’ for the library. (which)
Ans. i. What is Rohit drinking?
- How was the hostel destroyed?